Astronomical diary
BRITISH MUSEUM
This clay tablet found in Babylon is referred by three names:
Strm Kambys 400
LBAT 1477
BM 33066
This clay tablet is essential to establish the links between the Babylonian and Biblical chronologies, because it contains the record of the astronomical data of the 7th year of Cambyses, son of Cyrus 2 nd who was the conqueror of Babylon .
In the lines 19 to 22 of its reverse, it records data for two eclipses and dates them according to the Babylonian calar. We read:
“ Year 7, the month of Tammuz, the night of 14 th , 1 ⅔ and 1 double hour (three hours and twenty minutes) after sunset; the moon had a total eclipse which remained for a little, the wind blew the north .
Month of Tebet, the night of 14th, twice two hours and a half (five hours) of the night; before dawn the moon had a total eclipse, the wind blew north to south ”.
In accordance with these astronomical data, the 7th year of Cambyses is for the year 523 BC. This is an absolute date to connect the Babylonian calar with our calar, and if the first year of the reign of Cambyses was 530 BC (523 + 7 = 530) and the cuneiform texts say that Cyrus reigned for 9 years in Babylon , then the fall of Babylon happened in 539 BC (530 + 9 = 539).
This is an English translation of the text of the tablet:
Obv erse
I
1 Year 7 of Kambyses. (the 1st of which was identical with)
the 30 th (of the preceding month, sunset to moonset:) 23º.
2 Month 1º. the 1 st the moon became visible:
3 1 bēru sunset to moonset.
4 Night of the 13th: moonrise to sunset: at 9º.
5 The 13th. moonset to sunrise: 2º 20' .
6 Night of the 14th: sunset to moonrise: 8º 20' .
7 The 14th, sunrise to moonset: 7º 40' .
8 The 27th: (moonrise to sunrise:) at 16º.
9 Month II, (the 1st of which was identical with) the :30 th
(of the Preceding month: sunset to moonset:) 23º.
10 The 13th. moonset to sunrise: 8º 20' .
11 Night of the 14th. moonrise to sunset: 1º.
12 The 14th. sunrise to moonset: 1º 40' .
13 Night of the 15th, sunset to moonrise: 14º 30' .
14 The 27 th , (moonrise to sunrise:) 21º.
15 Month 3º, (the 1st of which was identical with) the 30 th
(of the preceding month, sunset to moonset:) 18º 30' .
16 Night of the 14th. moonrise to sunset: 9º 30' .
17 The 14 th , moonset to sunrise: 4º.
18 Night of the 15th, sunset to moonrise: 5º.
19 The 15 th , sunrise to moonset: 8º 30' .
20 The 27 th , (moonrise to sunrise:) 15º.
21 Month 4º, the 1st (of which followed the 30th of the
preceding month, sunset to moonset:) 27º.
22 The 13th, moonset to sunrise: 11º.
23 Night of the 14th. moonrise to sunset: 4º.
24 The 14th. sunrise to moonset: 4º.
25 Night of the 15th. sunset to moonrise: 8º 30' .
26 The 27 th , (moonrise to sunrise:) 15º.
II
1 Month 5º, (the 1st of which was identical with} the 30 th
(of the preceding month, sunset to moonset:) 10+[x]º.
2 The 14 th , [moonset to sunrise:] 3º 30' .
3 Night of the 13th, [moonrise to sunset:] 2º 20+[ x]'.
4 The 15 th , sunrise to moonset: 1 I o .
5 Night of the 16th. sunset [to moonrise:) 7º 30' .
6 The 27 th , (moonrise to sunrise:) 22º 30' .
7 Month 6º, the 1st {of which followed the 30th of the
preceding month, sunset to moonset:) 15º 40' .
8 The 13 th , moonset to sunrise: 11º.
9 The 14 th , sunrise to moonset: 4º.
10 Night of the 15th. moonrise to sunset: 1 º 20' .
11 Night of the 16th. sunset to moonrise: 8º 40' .
12 The 28 th , (moonrise to sunrise:) 15º.
13 Month 7º, the 1st (of which followed the 30th of the
preceding month, sunset to moonset:) 16º 40' .
14 The 13 th , moonset to sunrise: 6º 30' .
15 Night of the 14th. moonrise to sunset: 7º 30' .
16 The 14 th , sunrise to moonset: 12º.
17 Night of the 15th. sunset to moonrise: 3º.
18 The 26 th , (moonrise to sunrise:) 22º.
19 Month 8º, (the 1st of which was identical with) the 30 th
(of the preceding month. sunset to moonset:) 12º 40' .
20 The 13 th , moonset to sunrise: 15º.
21 The 14 th , sunrise to moonset: 5º.
22 Night of the 15th. moonrise to sunset: 1º.
23 Night of the 16th. sunset to moonrise: 14º.
24 The 26 th , (moonrise to sunrise:) 26º.
(the following paragraph exts over cols. 2º and 3º)
25 Month 12º the 1 st (of which followed the 30th of the
preceding month, sunset to moonset:)19º.
Night of the 13 th , moonrise to sunset: [x]+1º 30' .
26 The 13 th , moonset to sunrise: 5º 20' . Night of the 14th.
sunset to moonrise: 3º.
27 The 14 th , sunrise to moonset: 5º 40' . The 27 th ,
(moonrise to sunrise:) 21º.
III
1 The 1[3 th , moonset to sunrise: ....]
2 Night of the l|4th. moonrise to sunset: ....]
3 The 14 th , [sunrise to moonset:] 5º.
4 Night of the 15 th , [sunset to moonrise:] 10º 20' .
5 Th e 27 th , (moonrise to sunrise:) 24º.
6 Month 11º, the 1 st (of which followed the 30 th of the
preceding month, sunset to moonset:) 22º.
7 Night of the 13 th , moonrise to sunset: 17º 20' .
8 The 13 th , moonset to sunrise: 4º 40' .
9 Night of the 14 th , sunset to moonrise: 1 o 40' .
10 The 14 th , sunrise to moonset: 7º.
11 The 27 th , (moonrise to sunrise:) 17º.
12 Month 12º, (the 1 st of which w r as identical with) the 30 th
(of the preceding month. sunset to moonset:) 15º 30' .
13 The 12 th , moonset to sunrise: 10º 30' .
14 Night of the 13 th , moonrise to sunset: 5º 20' .
15 The 13 th , there was no "moonset to sunrise"
or "sunrise to moonset".
16 Night of the 14 th , sunset to moonrise: 10º.
17 The 25th sle , (moonrise to sunrise:) 23º: the 27 th ,
(moonrise to sunrise:) 12º.
Right edge
1' [....]....
2' [(Mercury's) ....] first appearance ....
3' [....] last appearance in the east in the
4' [rear'] foot of Leo.
5' [.... first appearance] in the west in ….
(break)
1 ' [....]....[....]
2 ' [....]....[....]
3 ' Month XII, the 19 th , last appearance in the west.
4 ' in the Ribbon of the Fishes.
Reverse
1 Year 7, month 5º, the 22 nd ,
Jupiter's last appearance in front of Virgo.
2 Month 6º, the 22 nd ,
first appearance behind Virgo.
Month 10º, the 27 th ,
it became stationary in front of Libra.
Month 12º was intercalary.
3 Year 8, month 2º, the 25 th ,
it became stationary in the area of Virgo.
Month 6º, the 4 th ,
last appearance behind Libra.
4 Year 7, month 3º, the 10th.
Venus last appearance in the west in the ning of Leo.
Month 3º, the 27 th ,
5 first appearance in the east in the area of Cancer.
Month 12º, the 7 th ,
last appearance in the east in the area of Pisces.
Month XII was intercalary.
6 Year 8, month 1º, the 13 th ,
first appearance in the west in the area of the iot.
7 Year 7, month 6º, the 3 rd .
Saturn's last appearance in the area of Virgo.
Month 7º, the 13 th ,
first appearance behind Virgo.
Month 12º was intercalary.
8 Year 8, month 5º, the 29 th , last appearance.
9 Year 7, month 2º, the 28 th ,
Mars last appearance in front of Gemini.
10 Month 6º, the 13 th , first appearance in the foot of Leo.
Month 12º was intercalary.
Year 8, month 5º, the 12 th , it became stationary.
11 Year 9, month 2º, the 9 th , last appearance behind α Leonis.
12 Year 7, month 7º, the 1 st ,
the moon became visible 3 cubits behind Mercury.
Month 6º, the 24 th , Venus was 1+[x cubits' | above Mars.
13 Month 7º, the 23 rd , last part of the night.
Jupiter was 3 cubits above the moon.
14 Month 7º, the 29 th , last part of the night,
Venus on the north side [came near] 2 fingers to Jupiter.
15 Month 7º, the 12 th , Saturn was 1 cubit in front of Jupiter.
16 Month 7º, the 11 th , Mars came near to Jupiter 2 fingers.
17 Month 8º, the 2 nd , Saturn passed 8 fingers above Venus.
18 Month 10º, the 5 th , Mercury was ½ cubit behind Venus.
19 Year 7, month 4º, night of the 14 th , 1 ⅔ bēru after sunset.
20 the moon made a total eclipse,
a little remained: the north wind blew.
21 Month 10º, night of the 14 th ,
when 2 ½ bēru remained to sunrise.
22 the moon made a total eclipse: the south and north winds blew in it.
